¥Environmental Justice (1970s - present): Ecological problems exist
because of the structure of society and its
imperatives, and the benefits of environmental exploitation accrue to the
wealthy while the poor and marginal bear most of the costs. Hence the resolution of environmental problems requires fundamental social change (CitizenÕs Clearinghouse
for Hazardous Waste).
¥Deep Ecology (1980s - ): The richness and diversity of life has intrinsic
values, so human life is privileged only to the extent of satisfying
basic needs. Maintenance of biodiversity requires
decreasing the human impact (Earth First!).
¥Ecofeminism (1980s - present): Ecosystem abuse us rooted in androcentric ideas and institutions.
Relations of complementarity rather than domination are required to resolve conflicts between culture/nature, human/nonhuman,
and male/female relationships (World Women in Development and Environment).
¥Ecospiritualism (1990s- present): Nature is GodÕs creation, and
humans have a moral
obligation to keep and tend the creation, including biodiversity and unpolluted ecosystems (National Council of
Churches, as well as some new evangelical
church movements).
"Source: E&S, p. 273.