¥Preservation &
Transcendentalism(1830s - ): Nature important to support both the physical and spiritual life of humans, hence continued existence of wilderness and wildlife undisturbed by human action is necessary (ex., Wilderness Society, Sierra Club) Henry David Thoreau ÒOn Walden Pond,Ó Ralph Waldo Emerson,
George Catlin, John Muir.
¥Conservation (1860s
- ): Natural Resources should be scientifically managed from a utilitarian prospective to provide for the greatest good for the people over the longest period of time (Society of American Foresters) TD, Pinchot.
¥Wildlife Management
(1890s-): The scientific management of ecosystems can
ensure stable populations of wildlife, viewed as a crop from which excess populations can be harvested, particularly in creation and sport (Ducks Unlimited, Aldo Leopold).
¥Reform
Environmentalism (1870s - peaked in 1960s): Human health is linked to ecosystem conditions like water quality and air pollution. To maintain a healthy human society, ecologically responsible actions are required, which can be developed and implemented through the natural sciences
(Environmental Disaster Fund - Love Canal).
¥Source: E&S, p.
273.